§De dónde sale cada cifra
Toda cifra de esta página lleva su fuente, y cada fuente se verificó en PubMed antes de citarla. Lo que no pudimos verificar se dice que falta: en esta página hay 36 huecos declarados a propósito.
Un aviso sobre el conjunto: la mayoría de estas cifras vienen de metaanálisis cuyos autores califican su propia certeza de baja o muy baja. Eso no las invalida, porque son lo mejor que hay, pero sí obliga a usarlas como orientación de magnitud, no como constantes.
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- Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):939-51. PMID 31303314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31135-3
- Schneider-Thoma J, Zhu Y, Qin M, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidopaminergic and muscarinic antipsychotics for acute schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials indexed in international English and Chinese databases. Lancet. 2026;407(10531):876-91. PMID 41763745. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02365-7
- Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Zoratti MJ, et al. Change in prolactin levels in pediatric patients given antipsychotics for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a network meta-analysis. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2018;2018:1543034. PMID 29805808. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1543034
- Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs. 2004;64(20):2291-314. PMID 15456328. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464200-00003
- Gomez L, Stubbs B, Shirazi A, Vancampfort D, Gaughran F, Lally J. Lower bone mineral density at the hip and lumbar spine in people with psychosis versus controls: a comprehensive review and skeletal site-specific meta-analysis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(6):249-59. PMID 27696144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-016-0325-0
- Calarge CA, Zimmerman B, Xie D, Kuperman S, Schlechte JA. A cross-sectional evaluation of the effect of risperidone and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone mineral density in boys. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(3):338-47. PMID 20331935. 83 varones de 7 a 17 anos, tratados una media de 2,9 anos. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04595gre
- Papazoglou AS, Leite AR, Moysidis DV, et al. Serum prolactin levels and mortality in adults without prolactinoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):e1652-64. PMID 38366650. 28 estudios revisados, 14 agrupables, 23.596 personas. Poblacion general, no psiquiatrica. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae087
- Gopal S, Lane R, Nuamah I, et al. Evaluation of potentially prolactin-related adverse events and sexual maturation in adolescents with schizophrenia treated with paliperidone extended-release for 2 years: a post hoc analysis of an open-label multicenter study. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(9):797-808. PMID 28660406. 400 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos; 184 completaron los dos anos. Analisis post hoc, abierto y sin placebo, financiado por el fabricante. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0437-9
- Giri D, Sanam T, Oppenheim A, Senniappan S, Das U. Management of risperidone induced hyperprolactinemia in an adolescent with severe autism. Horm Res Paediatr. 2015;84(Suppl 1):P3-1114. 54.º congreso de la ESPE, Barcelona. Un caso. Resumen de congreso: no esta indexado en PubMed y no tiene DOI, y por eso se cita solo para lo que un caso puede sostener. https://abstracts.eurospe.org/hrp/0084/hrp0084p3-1114
- Li X, Tang Y, Wang C. Adjunctive aripiprazole versus placebo for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70179. PMID 23936389. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070179
- Zhang L, Qi H, Xie YY, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole, metformin, and paeoniae-glycyrrhiza decoction for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:728204. PMID 34658963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.728204
- Labad J, Montalvo I, González-Rodríguez A, et al. Pharmacological treatment strategies for lowering prolactin in people with a psychotic disorder and hyperprolactinaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2020;222:88-96. PMID 32507371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.031
- Meng M, Li W, Zhang S, et al. Using aripiprazole to reduce antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: meta-analysis of currently available randomized controlled trials. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2015;27(1):4-17. PMID 25852251. https://doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215014
- Landén M, Högberg P, Thase ME. Incidence of sexual side effects in refractory depression during treatment with citalopram or paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):100-6. PMID 15669895. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0114
- Rothmore J. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Med J Aust. 2020;212(7):329-34. PMID 32172535. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50522
- de Boer MK, Castelein S, Wiersma D, Schoevers RA, Knegtering H. The facts about sexual (dys)function in schizophrenia: an overview of clinically relevant findings. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(3):674-86. PMID 25721311. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv001
- Montejo AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 3):10-21. PMID 11229449 (sin DOI en el registro de PubMed).
- Winter J, Curtis K, Hu B, Clayton AH. Sexual dysfunction with major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatments: impact, assessment, and management. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2022;21(7):913-30. PMID 35255754. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2049753
- Serretti A, Chiesa A. Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):259-66. PMID 19440080. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181a5233f
- Lorenz T, Rullo J, Faubion S. Antidepressant-induced female sexual dysfunction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1280-6. PMID 27594188. Revision narrativa, no sistematica. Se cita para su propio marco clinico; cada ensayo que menciona se cita aparte y contra su original. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.033
- Lorenz TA, Meston CM. Acute exercise improves physical sexual arousal in women taking antidepressants. Ann Behav Med. 2012;43(3):352-61. PMID 22403029. Laboratorio, 47 mujeres, tres sesiones contrabalanceadas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9338-1
- Rosenberg KP, Bleiberg KL, Koscis J, Gross C. A survey of sexual side effects among severely mentally ill patients taking psychotropic medications: impact on compliance. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003;29(4):289-96. PMID 14504017. Encuesta, 51 ambulatorios con enfermedad mental grave. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230390195524
- Bonierbale M, Lançon C, Tignol J. The ELIXIR study: evaluation of sexual dysfunction in 4557 depressed patients in France. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(2):114-24. PMID 12740155. Transversal, 4.557 pacientes con episodio depresivo mayor, tratados y no tratados. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079902125001461
- Shifren JL, Monz BU, Russo PA, Segreti A, Johannes CB. Sexual problems and distress in United States women: prevalence and correlates. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(5):970-8. PMID 18978095. 31.581 mujeres de poblacion general, no psiquiatrica. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181898cdb
- McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, et al. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(1):25-40. PMID 10693114. https://doi.org/10.1080/009262300278623
- Clayton AH, Croft HA, Handiwala L. Antidepressants and sexual dysfunction: mechanisms and clinical implications. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(2):91-9. PMID 24685972. Revision narrativa; origen de la tabla de frecuencia relativa por dominio. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2014.03.2744
- Taylor MJ, Rudkin L, Bullemor-Day P, Lubin J, Chukwujekwu C, Hawton K. Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(5):CD003382. PMID 23728643. 23 ECA, 1.886 personas. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub3
- Nurnberg HG, Hensley PL, Gelenberg AJ, Fava M, Lauriello J, Paine S. Treatment of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction with sildenafil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(1):56-64. PMID 12503977. ECA doble ciego, 90 hombres. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.1.56
- Nurnberg HG, Hensley PL, Heiman JR, Croft HA, DeBattista C, Paine S. Sildenafil treatment of women with antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(4):395-404. PMID 18647982. ECA doble ciego, 98 mujeres. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.4.395
- Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):62-7. PMID 14744170. ECA doble ciego, n = 42. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v65n0110
- de Aquino ACQ, Sarmento ACA, Teixeira RLA, et al. Pharmacological treatment of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2025;80:100602. PMID 39985829. 11 ECA y 859 mujeres; solo dos estudios agrupables; certeza GRADE baja. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2025.100602
- Jacobsen PL, Mahableshwarkar AR, Chen Y, Chrones L, Clayton AH. Effect of vortioxetine vs. escitalopram on sexual functioning in adults with well-treated major depressive disorder experiencing SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2015;12(10):2036-48. PMID 26331383. ECA cabeza a cabeza, n = 447. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12980
- Fooladi E, Bell RJ, Jane F, Robinson PJ, Kulkarni J, Davis SR. Testosterone improves antidepressant-emergent loss of libido in women: findings from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2014;11(3):831-9. PMID 24433574. ECA, 44 mujeres de 35 a 55 anos; el desenlace primario fue negativo. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12426
- Davis SR, Baber R, Panay N, et al. Global consensus position statement on the use of testosterone therapy for women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(10):4660-6. PMID 31498871. Consenso de once sociedades; las recomendaciones de practica son opinion de expertos. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-01603
- Droguerias Colsubsidio. Androgel 1 % gel topico, testosterona 10 mg/g; registro INVIMA 2019M-0002965-R2; venta bajo formula medica. Consultado el 5 de octubre de 2026. Fuente comercial, no regulatoria: sirve para saber que se vende, no para la indicacion. https://www.drogueriascolsubsidio.com/androgel-1-gel-topico-3700039500386/p
- Gelenberg AJ, Dunner DL, Rothschild AJ, Pedersen R, Dorries KM, Ninan PT. Sexual functioning in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder enrolled in the PREVENT study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(4):266-73. PMID 23538970. Analisis secundario de un ECA; la funcion sexual se midio con items sueltos de escalas de depresion. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318288d298
- Rothschild AJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: efficacy of a drug holiday. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(10):1514-6. PMID 7573593. Serie abierta, 30 pacientes, sin grupo control. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.10.1514
- Landén M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlén T. Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(3):268-71. PMID 10350034. El desenlace sexual no era el primario del ensayo. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199906000-00012
- Michelson D, Bancroft J, Targum S, Kim Y, Tepner R. Female sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant administration: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of pharmacologic intervention. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(2):239-43. PMID 10671393. Negativo para buspirona y amantadina, 57 mujeres. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.239
- Lorenz TA, Meston CM. Exercise improves sexual function in women taking antidepressants: results from a randomized crossover trial. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(3):188-95. PMID 24754044. ECA cruzado, 52 mujeres. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22208
- King VL, Horowitz IR. Vaginal anesthesia associated with fluoxetine use. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):984-5. PMID 8494083. Carta, reporte de caso. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.6.984b
- Kashani L, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, et al. Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(1):54-60. PMID 23280545. ECA, 38 mujeres, 4 semanas. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2282
- Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:949036. PMID 25954318. ECA, 45 mujeres aleatorizadas, 42 analizadas. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/949036
- Farnia V, Hojatitabar S, Shakeri J, et al. Adjuvant Rosa damascena has a small effect on SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in female patients suffering from MDD. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015;48(4-5):156-63. PMID 26098128. ECA, 50 mujeres, 8 semanas. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554712
- Khamba B, Aucoin M, Lytle M, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture treatment of sexual dysfunction secondary to antidepressants. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(11):862-9. PMID 23790229. Sin grupo control. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2012.0751
- Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):279-84. PMID 12404672. Negativo, n = 37. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.409
- Wheatley D. Triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba in sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant drugs. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(8):545-8. PMID 15378664. Negativo, n = 24. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.627
- Healy D, Bahrick A, Bak M, et al. Diagnostic criteria for enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, finasteride and isotretinoin. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2022;33(1):65-76. PMID 34719438. Criterios de consenso de panel, no de cohorte. https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-210023
- Ben-Sheetrit J, Hermon Y, Birkenfeld S, Gutman Y, Csoka AB, Toren P. Estimating the risk of irreversible post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) due to serotonergic antidepressants. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2023;22(1):15. PMID 37085865. Cohorte retrospectiva de 19 años, 12.302 hombres. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-023-00447-0
- Ben-Sheetrit J, Aizenberg D, Csoka AB, Weizman A, Hermesh H. Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction: clinical characterization and preliminary assessment of contributory factors and dose-response relationship. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(3):273-8. PMID 25815755. Encuesta en un foro de PSSD, 532 respuestas; no permite estimar incidencia. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000300
- Studt A, Gannon M, Orzel J, Vaughan A, Pearlman AM. Characterizing post-SSRI sexual dysfunction and its impact on quality of life through an international online survey. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2021;32(4):321-9. PMID 34366299. Encuesta en línea autoseleccionada, n = 239. https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-210039
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- Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM. Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med J Aust. 2007;187(6):361-5. PMID 17874986. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01282.x
- Dunkley EJC, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96(9):635-42. PMID 12925718. 2.222 ingresos por sobredosis. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcg109
- Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(6):705-13. PMID 2035713. Revision de 12 informes y 38 casos, no una cohorte. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.6.705
- Chiew AL, Isbister GK. Serotonin toxicity: pathophysiology, incidence, clinical assessment and management. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024;91(3):654-61. PMID 38926083. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16152
- Bai AD, McKenna S, Wise H, Loeb M, Gill SS. Association of linezolid with risk of serotonin syndrome in patients receiving antidepressants. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247426. PMID 36534400. 1.134 ambulatorios, cohorte poblacional con emparejamiento por puntaje de propension. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47426
- King E, Rotella JA. Efficacy of cyproheptadine in the management of serotonin toxicity following deliberate self-poisoning: a systematic review. Emerg Med Australas. 2025;37(1):e14554. PMID 39791184. Certeza muy baja: la eficacia no quedo establecida. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.14554
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- Carbon M, Hsieh CH, Kane JM, Correll CU. Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(3):e264-78. PMID 28146614. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16r10832
- Carbon M, Kane JM, Leucht S, Correll CU. Tardive dyskinesia risk with first- and second-generation antipsychotics in comparative randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):330-40. PMID 30192088. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20579
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- Kalniunas A, Chakrabarti I, Mandalia R, Munjiza J, Pappa S. The relationship between antipsychotic-induced akathisia and suicidal behaviour: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:3489-97. PMID 34887662. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S337785
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- Lima AR, Soares-Weiser K, Bacaltchuk J, Barnes TR. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001950. PMID 11869614. Un solo ensayo utilizable, n = 27. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001950
- Mancini V, Latreche C, Fanshawe JB, et al. Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2025;182(4):349-59. PMID 40007252. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240260
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- Anderson KE, Stamler D, Davis MD, et al. Deutetrabenazine for treatment of involuntary movements in patients with tardive dyskinesia (AIM-TD): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(8):595-604. PMID 28668671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30236-5
- Cohen D. Clozapine and gastrointestinal hypomotility. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(12):1083-91. PMID 29230675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0481-5
- Every-Palmer S, Inns SJ, Grant E, Ellis PM. Effects of clozapine on the gut: cross-sectional study of delayed gastric emptying and small and large intestinal dysmotility. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(1):81-91. PMID 30456745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0587-4
- Braund TA, Tillman G, Palmer DM, Gordon E, Rush AJ, Harris AWF. Antidepressant side effects and their impact on treatment outcome in people with major depressive disorder: an iSPOT-D report. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):417. PMID 34349116. 1008 adultos, aleatorizado y abierto, sin placebo. Financiado por Brain Resource. Los eventos uno por uno están en su tabla suplementaria 8; aquí se sumaron las variantes de escritura de cada término. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01533-1
- Cohen D, Bogers JPAM, van Dijk D, Bakker B, Schulte PFJ. Beyond white blood cell monitoring: screening in the initial phase of clozapine therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(10):1307-12. PMID 23140648. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11r06977
- Shirazi A, Stubbs B, Gomez L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of clozapine-associated constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6):863. PMID 27271593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060863
- Every-Palmer S, Nowitz M, Stanley J, et al. Clozapine-treated patients have marked gastrointestinal hypomotility, the probable basis of life-threatening gastrointestinal complications: a cross sectional study. EBioMedicine. 2016;5:125-34. PMID 27077119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.020
- Handley SA, Every-Palmer S, Ismail A, Flanagan RJ. Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: presenting features and outcomes, UK pharmacovigilance reports, 1992-2017. Br J Psychiatry. 2022;220(6):355-63. PMID 35164895. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2022.24
- Every-Palmer S, Ellis PM. Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: a 22-year bi-national pharmacovigilance study of serious or fatal slow gut reactions, and comparison with international drug safety advice. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(8):699-709. PMID 28623627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0448-6
- Flanagan RJ, Handley SA, James C, et al. Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: UK pharmacovigilance reports, 2018-2022. BJPsych Open. 2025;11(3):e79. PMID 40162866. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.29
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